Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Com Essay -- essays research papers

In Kenneth Branaghs film Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, the director, Kenneth Branagh sticks to the major themes of the original book with minute changes. There are many similarities and differences between the book and Kenneth Branagh’s adaptation of the book. I believe Mary Shelley wanted readers to catch the themes of child abandonment, presented in Victor abandoning his creature. She also wanted readers to have compassion and sympathy for the abandoned creature that Victor created out of dead body parts. Shelley wanted the creature to be similar to Victor in many ways. Shelley wanted to show the relation between life and death, and the unbreakable laws of nature. Shelley wanted readers to realize that we need to accept life and death, and not try to control it because life is the “Act of God'; and we cannot change that. She was implying that there are consequences for fooling with these laws of life and death. Even if you can create life out of dead body parts, ju st doing that, may ruin your whole perspective of the world, and throw anyone into a state of depression. This movie “Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein'; by Kenneth Branagh is a good representation of the original book overall, except for a few changes in plot, setting, characters,, and the relationships between them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many similarities and differences in the plot between the book and the latest Frankenstein film. Kenneth Branagh w...

Embed Functional Skills in Your Specialist Are

Theory 5: Evaluate a range of ways to embed elements of functional skills in your specialist area. Functional skills, according to the definition by the Qualification and Curriculum Development Agency (www. qcda. gov. uk) are practical skills that people need in order to function in everyday life. These skills are practical skills in using the English language, Mathematics and Information and Communication technology (ICT) that will enable individuals with the essential knowledge, skills and understanding to perform confidently, effectively and independently to progress in their education training and employment.As an educator you should be able to embed these skills in the curriculum catered for the foundation levels and level 2 Diplomas and GCSE, and as a stand alone qualification by its own right. In general almost every subject provides an opportunity to improve on functional skills. In the subject area I have chosen, functional Mathematics are embedded by including various metho ds of calibrating measuring equipment, making actual measurements and calculations. In addition, accuracy, reliability, errors and by comparison to true values, functional Mathematics can be used to determine the level of skills for upper levels (Level 2).Functional English can be embedded by getting the students to collate all evidence in a meaningful way and present it orally to an audience or in a written form thereby giving an opportunity to gauge their skills in English. Embedding ICT can be achieved when using a computer to research and obtain material that is relevant which will give an indication to their ability to read and understand. The level of writing and ICT skills can be tested by getting them to produce a report using a word processor including all its inbuilt functions, such as Spell check, Grammar, Thesaurus, layout and Printing etc,.In addition, presenting data in a structured way using a spreadsheet and develop presentation skills by designing and presenting usi ng software such as PowerPoint. To have a meaningful impact on the learner, the curriculum should be designed so that it will encourage the use of all these skills in an integrated way where all skills are embedded within it.Bibliography: Gravells, Ann â€Å"Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector† Third Edition, 2008. Cowley, Sue â€Å"Guerilla Guide to Teaching† Second Edition, 2007. http://curriculum. qcda. gov. uk/key-stages-3-and-4/skills/functionalskills/index. aspx

The Museum Of Glass Art Movement - 999 Words

Robert Clark Palusky, b.1942 Duluth, MN, is a pioneer in the contemporary glass art movement. A prolific artist, Palusky s career in glass spans four decades. His work is featured in museums around the world and celebrated in many world class private collections. Most prominent show to date includes Tà ªte à   Tà ªte: Figures Humaines (Ten Masters in Glass) a show featuring Palusky along side Pablo Picasso, Salvidore Dali, and Jean Arp. Typically, in order to see Palusky’s artwork in person, you would have to travel to museums in Switzerland, Japan or Spain, or in the U.S. to the Museum of Modern Art or the Corning Museum of Glass. However, due to sheer luck, Palusky’s work is on display right here in Saratoga Springs at the Equine Gallery at Studio di Luce which benefits The Foal Project (www.foalproject.org). The gallery is located at 480 Broadway on the main floor right next door to City Hall. I’ve been blessed to know Robert Palusky (Bob) and his wife, Virginia (also an amazing artist in her own right) for quite some time, and they have been great friends of the Foal Project as well. When the Equine Gallery opened a few months ago, it only made sense to ask if I could showcase one of his pieces, to highlight his work, and introduce this remarkable artist to the Saratoga community. I was honored when he was kind enough to oblige. I had no idea which piece he would agree to send to Saratoga, however, it was no surprise to discover there was a horse involved.Show MoreRelatedInstitute of Contemporary Art1411 Words   |  6 PagesInstitute of Contemporary Art â€Å"How do you make a building for contemporary art that stays contemporary in the future without stooping to a neutral language? And how do you attract a big public without compromising the selfish, private, exclusive time we all want to have in a museum?† These questions, put forward by Elizabeth Diller of Diller Scofidio + Renfro, represent the urbanistic motivation supporting the construction of Boston’s Institute of Contemporary Art (ICA). In such a manner Boston’sRead MoreThe Development of the Corning Museum of Glass1276 Words   |  5 PagesCorning Museum of Glass was built. It was an L-shaped building that composed of the non-for-profit Corning Museum of Glass, the for-profit Corning Glass Center, and the Steuben Glass factory. The Corning Museum of Glass is an institution whose mission is â€Å"to tell the world about glass by engaging, educating, and inspiring visitors and the community through the art, history, and science of glass.† Tha nks to resources like the Juliette K. and Leonard S. Rakow Research Library, this museum is able toRead MoreArt Museum Of Fort Worth Texas877 Words   |  4 Pagescontinued at the Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth Texas. Louis Kahn is a modern architect that designed the Kimbell Art Museum. Kahn emerged from the Beaux-Arts movement but became one of the foremost American Modernist architects of the 1950’s and 60’s (Kimball, 1990). Kahn created a building for the Kimbell Art Museum that also complimented the art and did not distract the viewer (Kimball, 1990). He was commissioned to design the Kimbell Art Museum from 1966-1972). â€Å"Kahn’s museums are individual toRead MoreThe Akron Art Museum912 Words   |  4 PagesAkron Art Museum The Akron Art Museum is an institute that combined a historic building heavily adorned with Italian Renaissance revival and classicism with a modern and radical steel and glass structure. The once 1899 Akron post office section of the museum houses the local and global pieces of Impressionistic art from the 1850s. The original building is wrapped with a deep red brick and limestone with triangular pediments and pilasters. In 2007, Coop Himmelb(l)au’s architect WolfRead MoreThe Guggenheim Museum Bilbao Museum978 Words   |  4 PagesThe Guggenheim Museum Bilbao Before the mid-twentieth century, museums in Europe and the United States were generally planned in variations of the neoclassical style. But, the Guggenheim museum in Bilbao moved the heading of gallery outlines, which gave an extensive show venue to twentieth century and modern art, designed by the famous architect Frank Gehry. Architecture is important nowadays to the public, because it offers a physical surrounding environment in where we live in. Moreover, architectureRead MoreEssay Museum of Modern Art in New York1623 Words   |  7 PagesMuseum of Modern Art in New York Roxanne Briano The Museum of Modern Art in New York City is the world’s leading modern art. Its exhibits have been a major influence in creating and stimulating popular awareness of modern art and its accompanying diversity of its styles and movements. The museum’s outstanding collections of modern painting, sculpture, drawings, and prints range from Impressionisms to current movements. Moreover, there are exhibits of modern architecture, industrial design, sculptureRead MoreEnvironmental Protection Is A Trending Topic1414 Words   |  6 Pagesthe libraries and art museums. The development of a new architectural form, museums, had greatly changed the traditional classical architectures into innovative modern architectures. Jayne Merkel, a historian and critic, identifies three elements that control and define this development in museums as â€Å"lighting, security, and procession through space.† Unlike those traditional rectilinear space that isolated from the outside world where even light were mostly artificial, museums are now increasinglyRead MoreEssay Design and Architecture of Art Galleries1585 Words   |  7 Pagesfor what reasons have the architecture and designs of art museums and galleries evolved since the mid-twentieth century? In exploring and understanding this subject, one must study the history and development of individual museums and galleries, observing the exterior architecture as well as the internal design, and the reasons behind any developments or renovations done to the buildings. In addition to this the location of the museum must be considered, to see if the surrounding architectureRead MoreIllusions Is An Exhibition At Casa Daros858 Words   |  4 PagesIllusions is an exhibition at Casa Daros, a gallery dedicated to Latin American contemporary art. The exhibition explores the idea of illusion and art as illusion (fig. 5), with a focus on artists such as Luis Camnitzer. The Illusions website explores this theme by creating illusions of space, depth and movement in a virtual space. The website itself functions as an illusion; although objects and images fly towards the viewer in a resemblance of the three-dimensional, they are still only two-dimensionalRead MoreGlass Of The Art Industry2 760 Words   |  12 Pagesudio glass in my eyes is a big part of the art industry as it has changed the view of a material that has been used for over 4000 years. Harvey Littleton was the founder of this movement and he also contributed too many artists who have worked with the studio glass movement throughout the years especially at the start. He taught hot glass in a garage on the grounds of the Toledo Museum of Art. At an American Crafts Council conference in 1959 they challenged Littleton to prove that hot glass was a

15 Quotes for Christmas Decorations

Decorating your home during Christmas can be a lot of fun, especially when done with your loved ones. It is a great way to bond with family and friends. Colorful festoons, fairy lights, snowflake cutouts, and ribbons can make the atmosphere festive. So work up your imagination, and create magic with Christmas decorations. Theme-based decorations are a big hit with kids, regardless of age. You can even bake a cake with the theme, to add a dash of excitement. Instead of posting  Christmas cards  with your family photographed hugging each other, you can do something better. If you are a whiz at art and craft, you can make your own Christmas decorations rather than using store-bought trinkets. Get your family and kids to participate in making Christmas decorations and make this a family project. Besides saving money, you will also enjoy doing the project together. Hang photographs of your family during childhood, adulthood, best days and worst days. Take your friends for a  walk down memory lane with old pictures. Nothing is more charming than reminiscing good old days with a bunch of friends. These quotes from the famous and not so famous can inspire you decorating ideas that can help make your home and Christmas tree stand out in the neighborhood. Eva K. Logue A Christmas candle is a lovely thing; it makes no noise at all, but softly gives itself away; while quite unselfish, it grows small. Burton Hillis The best of all gifts around any Christmas tree: The presence of a happy family all wrapped up in each other.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow I heard the bells on Christmas Day / Their old, familiar carols play, and wild and sweet / The word repeat of peace on earth, good-will to men! Charles N. Barnard The perfect Christmas tree? All Christmas trees are perfect! Larry Wilde Never worry about the size of your Christmas tree. In the eyes of children, they are all 30 feet tall. Roy L. Smith He who has not Christmas in his heart will never find it under a tree. Lenore Hershey Do give books—religious or otherwise—for Christmas. They’re never fattening, seldom sinful, and permanently personal. Ashley Tisdale Love Christmas, not just because of the presents but because of all the decorations and lights and the warmth of the season. Mary Ellen Chase Christmas, children, is not a date. It is a state of mind. Charles M. Schulz Christmas is doing a little something extra for someone. G. K. Chesterton When we were children we were grateful to those who filled our stockings at Christmas time. Why are we not grateful to God for filling our stockings with legs? Peg Bracken Gifts of time and love are surely the basic ingredients of a truly merry Christmas. Richard Paul Evans The smells of Christmas are the smells of childhood. Norman Vincent Peale Christmas waves a magic wand over this world, and behold, everything is softer and more beautiful. Kin Hubbard Nothing’s as mean as giving a little child something useful for Christmas.

Cecilia s Death The Virgin Suicides - 976 Words

It is evident that Cecilia’s death is an influential event, especially to those close to her, in the passage from pages 152-153 on Jeffrey Euginides’ The Virgin Suicides. The author shows how Cecilia’s suicide attempts led to more frightening events; the deaths of her sisters. Cecilia’s death did not remain mysterious, but became the explanation for her sisters’ suicides. The people in the Lisbon’s community did not remain curious as to what caused Cecilia’s death because they think that it is better to stop future incidents. The people of the community think that Cecilia and her suicides are the reasons for the death of the remaining Lisbon girls. In order to express the influence of Cecilia and her suicide in relation to her sisters, the author accentuates the idea of the uncanny with the use of unrelated metaphors, such as cooking and disease, and imagery. The uncanny in this passage is expressed as something that is dark, uncomfort able, weird and dangerous. In this passage, the author conveys the claim with at least two formal elements. The first element that I will be talking about in this essay is metaphor. With the authors’ use of unrelated metaphors, the weirdness of the situation is emphasized. The author compares Cecilia’s suicide attempt to â€Å"cooking in the broth of her own blood†. Cooking can sometimes be dangerous. While cooking, there’s a chance of cutting yourself. Cecilia’s actions are similar to cooking because the way she did her first attempt at suicide isShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Jeffrey Eugenides The Virgin Suicides And Edith Pearlman s `` Honeydew ``1616 Words   |  7 PagesJeffrey Eugenides’ The Virgin Suicides and Edith Pearlman’s â€Å"Honeydew† display how women are constantly suppressed by men s actions, while capturing the reaction women have to their suffering. The Virgin Suicides illustrates the five Lisbon sisters who are outcasts within their ‘cookie cutter’ community, constantly being watched by the neighborhood boys, and eventually they kill themselves because of the confinement the boys create. Meanwhile in â€Å"Honeydew† Emily an anorexic girl is isolated becauseRead MoreThe Virgin Suicides1588 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿How does the Sofia Coppola, in The Virgin Suicides, use a range of stylistic features (film techniques) to display the movies themes and with what effect on the audience? INTRO: Director Sofia Coppola uses a range of film techniques to display themes of obsession, the superficiality of vision and isolation from the real world in her film The Virgin Suicides. Through use of symbolism, characterization, setting and techniques specific to a film such a soundtrack, Coppola is able to constructRead MoreJeffrey Eugenides s The Virgin Suicides2263 Words   |  10 PagesEugenides’s The Virgin Suicides would be its first person-plural narrative voice. Literary scholars have often addressed the issue of the narrative voice and the effect that having multiple narrators has on the story. In her article ‘A story we could live with’ Narrative voice, the Reader, and Jeffrey Eugenides’s The Virgin Suicides Debra Shostak addresses how the â€Å"we† inadvertently draws attention to the â€Å"otherness† of the Lisbon girls. She attempts to dispel the belief that The Virgin Suicides is a misogynisticRead MoreThe Source Woman Of A Great Family And The Virgin Suicides By Jeffrey Eugenides Essay1508 Words   |  7 PagesWomen’s Place in Renaissance Italy: Alessandra, Letters from a Widow and Matriarch of a Great Family and The Virgin Suicides written by Jeffrey Eugenides. Immediately reading the first paragraph of Women’s Place in Renaissance Italy, it strongly resonated with The Virgin Suicides in a way. I thought these two would make an interesting comparison due to the way they both address men, death, complexity of being a female, and family. In the primary source, it talks about women from the upper class whoRead MoreThe Great Gatsby And The Virgin Suicides1563 Words   |  7 Pagesand affectionate, or aggressive and violent. Often, the targets of obsession are females. In The Great Gatsby, The Virgin Suicides, Lolita and Fear, there are men who obsess over a female character. These female characters are all shown to be powerless, whether it be at the hands of their obsessor or because of other factors in their lives. In The Great Gatsby and The Virgin Suicides, the theme of obsession is prevalent. It is shown through Gatsby’s obsession with Daisy and the boys obsession withRead MoreThe Virgin Suicides By Jeffrey Eugenides2468 Words   |  10 PagesSuicide is something that is influenced by a multitude of factors. It is a complicated topic and is often overlooked, in fact it needs to be talked about and researched much more. The Virgin Suicides, by Jeffrey Eugenides, is a book about suicide and how it can affect not only the victims but also an entire town. In the book, five sisters commit suicide over time through the influence of many factors in their lives. The book presents how suicide can destroy a family and how it is something peopleRead MoreTragedy : The Soul Of Tragedy940 Words   |  4 Pagesforms an idea of the character’s actual character. The Virgin Suicides by Jeffrey Eugenides, Directed by Sofia Coppola is a perfect example: The story of five adolescent girls is describes like so- In Aristotle’s terms it is arguable that Lux, Bonnie, Cecilia, Theresa, and Mary Lisbon were both the plot and participating characters. Without following their life and connecting to them to try and understand what caused the action of suicide, there would by no plot- no soul to this tragedy. The story

What is your opinion about using animals for research free essay sample

What is your opinion about using animals for research? When thinking about how much I love and adore animals, I also think about how far we have gotten scientifically because of their sacrifices. When reading the APA website I agree with the Justification of the Research and that Research should be undertaken with a clear scientific purpose. There should be a reasonable expectation that the research will: 1. Increase knowledge of the process underlying the evolution, development, maintenance, alteration, control, or biological significance of behavior. 2. Determine the replicability and generality of prior research. 3. Increase understanding of the species under study. 4. Provide results that benefit the health or welfare of humans or other animals APA( 2014) My opinions were not really affected by the articles. I do not like the mistreatment of animals and if they are treated and respected for their sacrifice we as humans can accomplish many great things to advance our medical knowledge. We will write a custom essay sample on What is your opinion about using animals for research? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I do understand that some people have a passion for helping and their determination has made for great advances in the replacement of live animals with simulation animals and humans as well. If this can be done I would rather the scientists use the simulated animals instead of live ones. I believe I would advocate for stem cell research in animals because of all the good it could do for adults and children alike. When done correctly it can prevent or cure diseases that claim millions! The Pros of stem cell research are many, for one this research can lead to cures for almost any disease caused by damaged organs or tissues as stem cells have the possibility to completely regenerate organs and tissues from any part of the body. Also the stem cell testing can lead to medical help for animals. I think the use of advanced technology, such as fMRI, will eventually make animal testing less common but not obsolete. In order for us to find out the results of new drugs or atmospheric change without â€Å"test subjects† would be very difficult. The fMRI is very helpful in seeing what the results are from the testing. Using both would make the testing better. The safeguards I think would be needed in order to protect participants in studies using neuroimaging methods would be that we would need to consider if an abnormality identified in a brain image would be considered a disability, and if this abnormality would then be protected under Title 1 of the Americans with Disabilities Act. The answer to this question would likely influence the levels of privacy afforded to imaging results, as well as the degrees of stigma attached to them. Ethical dilemmas generated by neuroimaging do not just lie in the production of these images. Just as many, if not more, of the dilemmas arise from the limitations in interpreting results and accurately conveying them to the public. When sharing the results of neuroimaging, neuroethicists must address topics such as privacy of unspoken thought and decision-making. Assignment of personal responsibility must be redefined and our concept, of how a healthy brain should look and function will be transformed. (Progress report on, 2007)

Similarities and Differences of Mesopotamia and Shang China Essay Example

Similarities and Differences of Mesopotamia and Shang China Paper Features | Mesopotamia | Shang China| Community Development * Large settlements * Stable food supply * Trade and communication | Most of the settlements began along the borders of Mesopotamia and date from the 10th to the 9th millennium BC. Because of the dry climate and flooding of the river, farmers had to adapt and eventually began to grow crops of fruits and vegetables. | People settled towards the middle or lower parts of the Yellow River in places called urban centers. They built the 1st real cities in China; they also built palaces and temples. The settlements began to start crops along the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. In the growing industry fishing became popular just like agriculture, even handcrafting. | Organized Systems * Religious systems * Military authority * Civil authority * Economic authority | Sumerians believed in Polytheism and devoted all their prayers and offerings to their Gods, in believing that they controlled the nature of their agriculture. City-states ruled by a king who claimed divine authority. The government helped regulate religion and enforce duties, also providing a system of courts for justice. To keep his people in order King Hammurabi created a document for his people creating justice for the innocent and the guilty. Each city-state regulated their own trade and controlled much of their own businesses. Their business dealt with agriculture and clothing, basic needs for a society. | The Shang Dynasty practiced Polytheism; their most important God was Di. They also believed in ancestor worship which was probably around for thousands of years after they started it. We will write a custom essay sample on Similarities and Differences of Mesopotamia and Shang China specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Similarities and Differences of Mesopotamia and Shang China specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Similarities and Differences of Mesopotamia and Shang China specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A Shang king could gather an army of about 5,000 for in border campaigns or call all his forces in a grand army around 13,000 to face down serious threats such as insurrection and invasion. The king began to tax the people for agriculture and this outraged them and attacks started to happen. The Shang began to lose control. In their economy, they began to fish as an industry; they also sold hand crafted goods, which became industries. | Complex Social Structures * Division of labor * Division of power * Gender roles * Class structure | Division of labor meant that farmers would buy goods from other workers. Kings thought of themselves as superior to all, they believed of themselves as divine authority. In gender, the men were the hunter-gatherers and women picked berries. The Sumerians had a specific class system. The highest class was the priests, middle class were merchants, and the majority was city-states, which was lower class, made up of farmers. | In the class structure and division of labor, nobles had the most power followed by craftsmen, peasant farmers, and then slaves. Most of the Shang people were farmers. Even though class differences affected gender roles lower-class women were to stay home cook, clean the house, take care of the kids, and make clothes for the whole family. But the division of labor was also important between men and women in different civilizations and social classes. | Form of Writing * Statement of values * Business records * Legal records * Continuity of traditions | To keep track of their trades, the Sumerians had to develop a writing system. They wrote all of their transactions on clay tablets. These were the first legal records, displaying numbers of their traded goods. The Shang people showed the importance of family and Shang society. This value was carried out through China’s history to present day. Even the ritual of ancestor worship. | Artistic Achievements * Visual arts * Literature * Architecture * Music | Art was made up of natural resource; stone, shells, and marble. The societies depended on art in order to find organization and structure. Peo ple of Mesopotamia recorded all their literary works on clay tablets, which include folktales, prayers, hymns, proverbs, personal letters, and fables. Religion played a big part in architecture. Temples were centers of city-states to be worshipped. Instruments are commonly present in many forms artwork; musical notes and lyrics have been found. Music was a significant and sophisticated role. | In the industry of hand crafted goods their pottery showed various types of patterns carved or painted onto them, even stones had fine pictures painted onto them. They usually wrote in a special ink, they had various forms of writing like hieroglyphics, and self-explanatory characters. They usually carved these onto animal bones or tortoise shells. Architecture was built into houses made of wood or carved out of the earth into rows. They listened to folk music and palace music. With their practice in bronze they made fine musical instruments, people engaged into music but they were divided into 3 sections; Wu, music slavery, and Gu. | Developed Technology * Technical process * Technology and work * Technology and settlement patterns | The development of the calendar was based on their observations and studies of the stars, moon, and sky. They also established a number system; a year was cut into 12 months, a month into 30 days, a day into 12 hours, an hour into 60 minutes, and a minute into 60 seconds. They also divided a circle into 360 degrees of the 60 arc minutes. Settlement patterns were based on the environment of the area and the need for a stable water supply. | The Shang developed the cycle of the moon, their calendar lasted for 366 days, and they have many records about solar eclipse, lunar eclipse and nova. The calendar system continued to advance and in the area of math. Settlement patterns on the Shang period are dispersed, in a variety of villages and they also have ritual or ceremonial centers. | Features | Mohenjo-Daro | Egypt | Community Development * Large settlements * Stable food supply * Trade and communication| Mohenjo- Daro is one of the largest Indus cities also being one of the best preserved urban centers of Indus Civilization. Their food consisted of wheat, barley, millet, fruit, vegetables and fish. They were able to grow grain and vegetable because the river would flood sometime. They also had fish because the city was along the Indus River. Their trading network moved from the coast to the Indus plain, and trade routes passing the Bolan Valley to the west. | Different environments affected settlement areas but the earliest known settlement is the Nile Valley or Mermida on the western Delta. Another settlement would be The Fayum. Both these settlements were along the Nile and all inhabitants found had a good supply of fish, meat, and cereal grain for their diet. The Egyptians would trade gold and farmers harvested all year long, especially flax since it was an important source in textile fiber. Organized Systems * Religious systems * Military authority * Civil authority * Economic authority | Artifacts point to Polytheism, certain plants and animals were sacred to them. There was no military strength instead they were governed through trade and religion. There haven’t been any signs of weapons being used. The rulers carried animal symbols each having their own meaning. It is said that the people ruled themselves; there is no evidence of leader’s authority. Their economy was entirely dominated by agriculture, but there was also hunting, pottery, metal and minerals. The Egyptians believed in polytheism, the main Gods they worshipped were, Amon-Re, Osiris, Set, and Isis. They strongly believed in the afterlife thus their need for mummification. The Egyptians had a powerful military force; an important attribute of the pharaoh was martial prowess. The king was the only landholder, warrior, priest, and judge. Everyone else worked below him. The Egyptian economy was made up of trading gold and wheat. The Egyptians served their king by building cities and markets to keep the economy going. Complex Social Structures * Division of labor * Division of power * Gender roles * Class structures| Their social structure is almost like the one we have today; divided up into wealthy and skilled workers. Women were responsible for gathering, cooking and taking care of the children. The men were to hunt. | Egyptians had a rigid class system from top to bottom, it was possible to move up classes but it was highly unlikely. What your father was, you were. The people at the top of the class structure owed a duty to those at the bottom. It was also a culture where women were valued unlike most cultures today; they worked and were praised for it. Pharaohs were always at the top of social classes, they were superior. | Form of Writing * Statement of values * Business records * Legal records * Continuity of traditions | Forms of writing were found in the ruins of Mohenjo-Daro. The seals often show animals are written in an unknown language. It is said that the language could be Dravidian or Sanskrit, but it is still undecided. | They Egyptians system value was just as important to them as it is to us today; it is also quite similar to ours. The difference would be what the Egyptians gave to their value system, like a secular and religious side. | Artistic Achievements * Visual arts * Literature * Architecture * Music | They made sculptures, clay models, and beaded items. These art pieces each had a different purpose and meaning. The clay models were for children’s enjoyment, sculptures were to show a person’s image or a place, and beaded items were used for decoration and jewelry, like today. Their buildings were made up of brick that goes on for miles in every direction; each block is centered on a grid. Pharaohs and Dignitaries kept their records on scribes, in the writing system called hieroglyphics. Hieroglyphics used picture symbols for ideas or sounds. Egyptian literature includes hymns to the gods, mythological and magical texts, and an extensive collection of mortuary texts. In stories; instructive literature, known as wisdom texts, poems, biographical and historical texts, and scientific treatises , even mathematical and medical texts. Architecture was based on perpendicular structures and inclined planes since there was no structural assistance except the strength and balance of the structure itself. Architects had to carefully plan out the way of the building. A ramp of adobe brick can be seen leading to the top of temple walls this was to allow artists to decorate the tops of walls and pillars. Egyptian art depicted their everyday lives. In tomb and temple drawings they show everyday living, models of people and animals, glass figures and containers, and jewelry made from gold and precious stones. | Developed Technology * Technical progress * Technology and work * Technology and settlement patterns | The closest technology would probably be their cleanliness. They had great drain and sewage systems. It was known as aquatic culture, where water and bathing played a central role. | Egyptians developed a water clock, sundial, pyramids, and tools to build these pyramids, and a time system. | Features | Olmec | Chavin | Community Development * Large settlements * Stable food supply * Trade and communication | San Lorenzo de Tenochtitlan, La Venta, Tres Zapotes, and Laguna de los Cerros, Olmec settlemenst have been found in these places. The Olmec relied on maize, and sunflower. Later they domesticated beans. They also gathered corozo palm nuts, squash, and chili. The Olmec had extensive trade routes. They traded raw materials and finished goods were traded across hundreds of miles. | A site of early monumental architecture in Peru and one of the oldest urban settlements of the New World. It is composed by several stone structures such as temples, squares and other buildings. The Chavin people developed an extensive trade with distant communities. | Organized Systems * Religious systems * Military authority * Civil authority * Economic authority | The Olmec practiced Shamanism, believing that every person had an inner animal spirit. There really isn’t any evidence of any military, the Olmec people governed themselves. They each took care of themselves and provided for themselves together. | Chavin was a ceremonial center run by priests and rulers, they were a cult. They were responsible for uniting a large part of the region for the first time. The cultural influence helped the Central Andes region take a large step toward true civilization. Chavin was just a ceremonial center and didn’t seem to have a military enforcement. Most people were farmers, herders, and hunters who adapted to the mountainous terrain. Complex Social Structures * Division of labor * Division of power * Gender roles * Class structure | There really hasn’t been a known class structure because they were such a complex society but evidence shows elaborate housing for the upper classes and simpler accommodations for the middle class and the poor. | People who lived nearer the center ate their food off ceramic serving dishes and owned many goods from foreign places, the houses on the edges of the town had none of these goods and conveniences. People who lived on the outskirts of town were clearly not as wealthy. Form of Writing * Statement of values * Business records * Legal records * Continuity or traditions | The Epi-Olmec script is logophonetic, the Olmec people had phonetic values. | The Chavin people did not invent a writing system but they were skilled architects, stonemasons, potters and goldsmiths. | Artistic Achievements * Visual arts * Literature * Architecture * Music | They made fine pottery and carved jade jewelry. The Olmec used wood, basalt and jade to make the statues. | They adapted their own artwork, called Chavin style. They were master artists in metalwork, especially gold, and in textiles and ceramics. They distributed their religious ideas through a complicated system of artistic imagery. Using iconography they expressed a variety of religious concepts that would be understood in far off places. | Developed Technology * Technical progress * Technology and work * Technology and settlement patterns | | Chavin technology in tiles, ceramics, dyeing techniques, metalwork, stonework, and other fields found its way into distant settlements. |